The market and shadow value of informal fish catch: a framework and application to Panama

Fisheries catches are known to be widely underreported, and much of their value flows in informal markets. Goods and services that are not directly sold in a market also have a corresponding economic value, here termed ‘shadow value’, which can apply to discarded fish—or those that are consumed but not sold (e.g., subsistence catches). Here, we estimate the monetary value of fisheries catches in Panama that are landed but not reported, or that are discarded at sea; this includes catches from artisanal and industrial fleets, as well as recreational and subsistence fisheries. Based on available data, we estimate that the market and shadow value of unreported catches in Panama in 2010 was around US$92 million, equal to approximately 43% of the total reported landed value. In the case of discarded fish, the shadow value represents the potential but entirely unrealized economic benefit of landing such fish; in the case of unreported landings, unreported market value represents only the first link in the potentially sophisticated informal seafood economy. One must be careful in considering these results for policy. It is possible that, rather than seeking to capture these ‘lost’ benefits, fish that are discarded or unreported should not have been caught at all, for example, if they are juveniles or of threatened species; conversely, unreported subsistence catches are crucial for food security throughout the world. These results help contextualize the scale of unreported fisheries in economic terms, and can inform subsequent policies and strategies to ensure social, ecological, and economic sustainability.     

化学科学研究与环境保护的机理相关性

环境问题已经引起世界各国政府和全社会的广泛关注。环境保护是利用环境科学的理论和方法,协调人类与自然环境的关系,以保护和改善环境的一切人类活动的总称。本文将首先分析由化学物质引起环境污染的案例,进而给出进行环境友好型的化学科学研究的方法及其重要性,以及通过化学科学的不断发展来解决业已存在的环境污染问题。     

辽河油田石油污染土壤的2阶段生物修复

建立了污染土壤预制床处理工程,对不同类型原油污染土壤分别进行堆腐处理,历时2个阶段,共运行210d.当稀油、稠油、特稠油和高凝油污染土壤中石油烃总量(TPH)为25.8～77.2g·kg^-1时,经过53d(为第1阶段)的运行,TPH去除率38.37%～56.74%.第2年(为第2阶段)继续处理156d,TPH降解率达到66.59%～80.96%.连续运行结果表明,污染土壤中易分解的石油烃污染物大部分在第1阶段得到降解,第二阶段降解率明显降低.     

康苏风化煤对荒漠盐渍土的改良效果分析

通过盆栽试验比较了施用不同剂量的康苏风化煤(0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)对荒漠盐渍土改良的效果和对小麦生长的影响。结果表明,康苏风化煤能降低盐渍土壤的pH值,增加土壤中有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效磷等的含量;小麦根系长度、株高和地上部分的生物量均有增加,其中4%、6%风化煤处理区为最佳,其根系长度、根鲜重、干重、高生长、地上部分鲜重、干重依次比对照增加58%、74%、89%、60%、73%和77%;各处理中以施入4%、6%风化煤的改良及对小麦生长效果较好。     

Can Labor Out-Migration Reduce Firewood Consumption by Rural Households in Western Mountainous China

Abstract

The relationship between out-migration of labor in the Qinling mountain area and households’ firewood consumption is explored. Migration and remittances reduce households’ firewood consumption due to increases in both income and opportunity cost of firewood collection. Previous studies have been equivocal because they ignored uncertainty in household economy, which is widespread in forest areas of less developed countries. This study provides additional insight by considering vulnerability and subjective assessment of poverty generated by unstable income and an uncertain future. We provide evidence that the amount of firewood consumed depends on income and opportunity cost of firewood collection, but also on a prudent consumption strategy, due to farmers’ subjective assessment of their future possible poverty. We also find out-migration of labor can reduce per capita firewood consumption but subjective poverty also acts against reduction of firewood consumption.     

Person–organization and person–supervisor fits: Employee commitments in a Chinese context

The present study simultaneously examined people's perceptions of person–organization (PO) and person–supervisor (PS) fit and related these perceptions to employees' commitments. Three‐hundred‐and‐sixty employee–supervisor dyads from Taiwanese organizations reported about their PO fit and PS fit perceptions. In addition, supervisors reported about their perceptions of fit and guanxi with each of their employees. Results indicated that PO and PS fit perceptions both had an independent and additive relationship with organizational commitment. The link between employee PS fit perceptions and organizational commitment was mediated by commitment to the supervisor. Both employee and supervisor fit perceptions contributed to commitment to the supervisor through their influence on the quality of the leader‐member exchange (LMX). Guanxi could not explain additional variance in LMX and supervisor commitment. Implications for theory and practices regarding person–environment fit, commitment, and LMX are discussed. The study findings offered suggestions for a new Theory of Multiple Fits. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同类型土壤中As(Ⅴ)解吸行为的研究

为了解As(Ⅴ)在土壤中的解吸行为及不同类型试剂(NaOH、NaCl、NaHCO3、柠檬酸、草酸及磷酸盐缓冲液)对所吸附砷的解吸效果,对As(Ⅴ)在不同类型土壤中的解吸热力学和动力学效果进行了研究.结果表明,NaOH和磷酸盐缓冲液对几种土壤吸附砷的解吸效果较好,解吸率分别在47.3%～73.0%和35.4%～66.6%...     

云南粳稻核心种质杂种后代孕穗期耐冷性研究

以236份云南地方粳稻核心种质和云南主栽梗稻Oryza satica品种合系35配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2为材料,在昆明自然低温平均17.8℃(冷害)条件下,对亲本及其后代进行孕穗期耐冷性研究.结果表明:①亲本耐冷性状间的相关性明显高于其杂种后代,不同世代间总体趋势为随着回交世代增加其性状间相关性减弱.在亲本及其杂种后代间耐冷指标性状穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率均呈较高的(≥0.370)极显著(n=236,R0.01=0.181)相关.②株高、穗颈长、穗下节长等耐冷性状在亲本强弱耐冷系统群间的差异明显,表现为亲本耐冷性强的材料秆和穗较长、穗粒数较多,同一性状变异程度减小.但随着回交代数的增加,这些性状的平均值逐渐趋同于轮回亲本,差异减小.③穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率在5个稻作区间的变化规律呈现一致性,亲本和F5的差异较大,而BC2F4、BC2F3和BC3F2的差异较小,且趋同于轮回亲本.通过连续回交,在BC3F1即可获得耐冷性状表现良好的材料.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤粒径分布的分维特征

西安市临潼区杏园、桑园和农田土壤粒径分布的体积分形维数分析结果表明:(1)杏园和农田土壤颗粒的体积分形维数与＜0.002 mm和0.002～0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.05～0.1 mm、0.1～0.25 mm颗粒含量呈极显著负相关关系,与0.25～0.5 mm颗粒含量不相关.桑园土壤颗粒的体积分形维数与＜0.002 mm和0 002～0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.05～0.1 mm、0.1～0.25 mm和0.25～0.5 mm颗粒含量不相关.(2)桑园和杏园土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤有机质含量和pH值复相关达显著水平,而农田土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤有机质含量和pH值复相关不显著.     

灰色动态模型(GM)在黑龙江省污水总量预测中的应用

本文引入灰色系统理论,利用有限的时间序列,按照GM(1,1)建模方法,建立起黑龙江省污水总量长期预测模型。预测了公元2000年黑龙江省污水总量,取得了满意的结果。